回复：【王府英语】英语词汇、短语、句型、语法及历年高考真题解释

【词汇解释】decent：正派的，体面的，得体的
1）指人时的意思是“诚实的，正派的，值得尊敬的，举止端庄的”，口语中还可表示“和蔼可亲的，乐于助人的”。如：
Most advertisers are decent and honest, and they are as interested as everyone else in making sure ads are ethical. 多数广告商都是正派、诚实的，他们和其他人一样也致力于确保广告合乎道德规范。【人教版教材•英语9选修•第5单元•第49页】
They are all decent, hard-working citizens. 他们都是诚实勤劳的好公民。
It is very decent of you to meet me at the airport. 你到机场来接我，实在是太客气了。
2）指物时的意思是“合宜的，过得去的，尚可以的”。如：
Does he have a decent salary? 他的薪水还可以吧？
You can get quite a decent meal in that restaurant. 在那家餐厅，你可以吃到很不错的食物。
He is always dressed in decent clothes. 他总是穿着体面的衣服。
2）指行为时的意思是“体面的，得体的，合乎道德规范的”。如：
It is a decent film, without crime or violence. 那是一部合乎道德规范的电影，既没有犯罪也没有暴力镜头。
She was impressed by his decent behaviour. 他得体的举止行为给她留下了深刻的印象。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语9选修•教师教学用书》

【短语解释】make sure：确保，确定，证实（后面一般接从句）
Most advertisers are decent and honest, and they are as interested as everyone else in making sure ads are ethical. 多数广告商都是正派、诚实的，他们和其他人一样也致力于确保广告合乎道德规范。【人教版教材•英语9选修•第5单元•第49页】
He looked back to make sure no one was following. 他回头看了看，以证实没有人跟踪。
I did it to make sure you noticed. 我这么做是为了确保你注意到了。
Ask for a receipt and make sure you get it. 要一张收据，而且一定要确保你拿到收据。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语9选修•教师教学用书》

【短语解释】when it comes to…：谈到，涉及到（to为介词）
When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements. 涉及广告时，消费者需要了解广告商所使用的伎俩，这样他们才能对各种主张做出自己的判断，而不致盲目地接受广告中所说的一切。【人教版教材•英语9选修•第5单元•第49页】
John is not good at sports, but when it comes to physics, he is the best in the class. 约翰的体育不行，但说到物理，他可是全班最优秀的。
The school has very good teachers, but when it comes to buildings, the school looks poor. 这个学校拥有非常优秀的教师，但说到建筑，这个学校看上去很穷。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语9选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】claim：声称，主张
When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements. 涉及广告时，消费者需要了解广告商所使用的伎俩，这样他们才能对各种主张做出自己的判断，而不致盲目地接受广告中所说的一切。【人教版教材•英语9选修•第5单元•第49页】
His claim to know the answer was not believed. 他声称自己知道答案，但没有人想信他的话。
Nobody believed his claim to be 100 years old. 他声称自己有100岁，但没有人想信。
Many women believed the advertiser’s claim to know the secret of keeping young. 登广告的人声称掌握了保持年轻的秘诀，有许多妇女想信了广告商的话。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语9选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】circumstance：环境，情况，形势（常用复数）
Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive. 我们的境况让人绝望，谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第2页】
The circumstances of this case are unusual. 这件案子的情况很不寻常。
Due to certain circumstances beyond our control, we have been forced to close the exhibition for the next two days. 由于某些不可控因素，我们不得不在未来两天关闭展览会。
in/under no circumstances：决不，无论如何也不
Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不首先使用核武器。
She won’t give up in any circumstances. 在这种情况下她都不会屈服。
in/under the circumstances：在这种情况下，因为这种情况
It’s amazing that they did so well under the circumstances. 他们在这种情况下表现得如此出色，实在令人惊叹。
In exceptional circumstances students may take exams at other times.如遇特殊情况，学生可在其他时段考试。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【语法解释】形容词作伴随状语，说明状态，而不是方式。
Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive. 我们的境况让人绝望，谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第2页】（alive作伴随状语）
As soon as the king died, the queen was buried alive. 皇帝一死，皇后就被活埋。（alive作伴随状语）
Make sure that he is captured alive. 一定要活捉他。（alive作伴随状语）
Suddenly he fell on the ground dead. 突然，他倒地而死。（dead作伴随状语）
He went to bed, cold and hungry. 他上床睡觉时觉得又冷又饿。（cold and hungry作伴随状语）
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】stick(vt)(vi)：被固定，卡住，塞住或阻住
On January 18th, 1915 the Endurance became stuck in pack ice (which can be solid or broken into huge floating pieces of ice) as we approached Antarctica. 1915年1月18日，正当我们接近南极洲之时，“持久号”被海上的浮冰（有的坚硬无比，有的破裂成若干块巨大的冰块漂浮在水上）卡住了。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第3页】
The bus was stuck in the mud. 公共汽车陷在泥里动不了了。
The key stuck in the lock. 钥匙卡在锁里拔不出来。
He got stuck in traffic for an hour and missed the train. 他被堵在路上一个小时，误了火车。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】stand：静置，沉淀
If this stands for a a period of time its salt disappears and it becomes fresh water suitable for drinking, 如果冰块溶化了一段时间，水里面的盐分就会消失，之后变成适于饮用的淡水。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
Leave the water to stand overnight. 让水沉淀一晚。
Stand the mixture for 20 minutes and see what happens. 将混合溶液静置20分钟，看看会发生什么变化。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【短语解释】die down：渐弱，渐熄
We could also eat the remains when the fire died down. 火熄灭后我们也可以吃剩下的东西。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
The wind died down. 风势渐渐弱了下来。
The excitement soon died down. 那股兴奋劲儿渐渐冷了下来。
【词语联想】
die away （声音、风、光）渐渐减弱，甚至停止
die off （有生命的群体）一个接一个地死去
die out （家族、种族、习俗、观念等）完全消失，绝种
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词语辨析】chef 和 cook
chef和cook 都有“厨师”的意思，但chef多指“厨艺高超的男性厨师，主厨”，而cook则泛指“烹调食物的人”。
As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, so I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could. 作为厨子，我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成熟肉。没过多久，他们就不断鼓动我想方设法变化伙食的花样。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
He works as a chef in a restaurant.. 他在一家餐馆当厨师。
Who is the cook in your family? 在你们家谁做饭？
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】vary：改变，变化，使多样化
As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, so I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could. 作为厨子，我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成熟肉。没过多久，他们就不断鼓动我想方设法变化伙食的花样。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
The temperature varies from time to time. 温度时有变化。
The teacher was advised to vary his teaching methods. 有人建议这位老师改变一下教学方法。
Mom is a good cook; she varies the meals so that we never get tired of eating at home. 妈妈是个好厨师。她总是变换菜的口味，所以我们从不厌烦在家吃饭。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】persevere (in/with)：坚持，忍耐(vi)
Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive and he had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death. 乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮我们坚持顽强地活下来，他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
He perseveres in his studies. 他孜孜不倦地学习。
She persevered with her piano lessons. 她持之以恒地努力学钢琴。
The police will persevere with their efforts to investigate the crime. 警方会尽全力将这起犯罪案件调查到底。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】commitment：承若，责任，约束
Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive and he had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death. 乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮我们坚持顽强地活下来，他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第1单元•第9页】
We’ve made a commitment to help, and we will. 我们已经答应帮忙，我们一定说到做到。
I can’t do this job right now because of other commitments. 因为还有别的事要做，目前我不能做这项工作。
He couldn’t go on holiday with us because of work commitment. 他公务缠身，不能和我们一起去度假。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【词汇解释】in：在某行动或过程中，相当于while
In expressing her love for you, my sister has also expressed mine. 姐姐在表达她对您的爱的同时，也道出了我的心声。【人教版教材•英语10选修•第2单元•第12页】
In racing for the bus, she fell and hurt her knees. 她追赶公共汽车时摔了一跤，伤了膝盖。
In helping you with the competition, I have also learned a lot. 在帮你参赛的同时，我也学了不少。
【注】以上例句摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》