densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of
severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most
crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures
leave extensive tracts of land devoid of
a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.
5.
The word “progressively” in the
passage is closest in meaning to
○openly
○impressively
○objectively
○increasingly
6.
According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with
raising crops?
○Lack of proper irrigation techniques
○Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area
○Removal of the original vegetation
○Excessive use of dried animal waste
7.
The phrase “devoid of” in the
passage is closest in meaning to
○consisting of
○hidden by
○except for
○lacking in
Paragraph
9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization
resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the
water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing
dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left
behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from
reaching the underlying soil.
8.
According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess water is a factor
in desertification because it can
○interfere with the irrigation of land
○limit the evaporation of water
○require more absorption of air by the soil
○bring salts to the surface
9.
All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to
desertification EXCEPT
○soil erosion
○global warming
○insufficient irrigation
○the raising of livestock
Paragraph
10: The extreme seriousness of
desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers
of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even
slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only
the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas
where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of
land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the
present deterioration of the surface.
10.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
out essential information.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is
so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.


关于desert formation的参考答案
1.
○2
This
is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is threatened. It is
highlighted in the passage. To threaten means to speak or act as if you will
cause harm to someone or something. The object of the threat is in danger of
being hurt, so the correct answer is choice 2, "endangered."
2. ○2
This
is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be
found in paragraph 3. The correct answer is choice 2, reduced water absorption.
The paragraph explicitly states that the reduction of vegetation greatly
reduces water absorption. Choice 4, reduced water runoff, explicitly
contradicts the paragraph, so it is incorrect. The "spaces in the
soil" are mentioned in another context: the paragraph does not say that
they increase, so choice 3 is incorrect. The paragraph does not mention choice
1.
3. ○1
This
is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is delicate. It is highlighted
in the passage. The correct answer is choice 1, "fragile," meaning
"easily broken." Delicate has the same meaning as
"fragile."
4. ○1
This
is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be
found in paragraph 5. The correct answer is choice 1: border areas have
difficulty "adjusting to stresses created by settlement." The
paragraph says that "expanding populations," or settlement, subject
border areas to "pressures," or stress, that the land may not
"be able to respond to." Choice 2 is incorrect because the paragraph
does not discuss "fertility" after desertification. Choice 3 is also
incorrect because "irrigation" is not mentioned here. The paragraph
mentions "increasing populations" but not the difficulty of
"attracting populations," so choice 4 is incorrect.
5. ○4
This
is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is progressively. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer
is choice 4, "increasingly." Progressively as it is used here means
"more," and "more" of something means that it is
increasing.
6. ○3
This
is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be
found in paragraph 6. The correct answer is choice 3, "removal of the
original vegetation." Sentence 4 of this paragraph says that "the
raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural
vegetation," an explicit statement of answer choice 3. Choice 1, lack of proper
irrigation techniques, is incorrect because the paragraph mentions only
"overirrigation" as a cause of desertification. No irrigation
"techniques" are discussed. Choices 2 and 4, failure to plant
suitable crops and use of animal waste, are not discussed.
7. ○4
This
is a Vocabulary question. A phrase is being tested here, and all of the answer


choices are phrases. The phrase is "devoid of." It is highlighted in
the passage. "Devoid of' means "without," so the correct answer
is choice 4, "lacking in." If you lack something that means you are
without that thing.
8. ○4
This
is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be
found in paragraph 9. The correct answer is choice 4, "bring salts to the
surface." The paragraph says that the final human cause of desertification
is salinization resulting from overirrigation. The paragraph goes on to say
that the overirrigation causes the water table to rise, bringing salts to the
surface. There is no mention of the process "interfering" with or
"limiting" irrigation, or of the "amount of air" the soil
is required to absorb, so choices 1,2, and 3 are all incorrect.
9. ○3
This
is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that
can be found in the passage. Choice 3, "insufficient irrigation," is
the correct answer. Choice 1, "soil erosion," is explicitly mentioned
in paragraph 2 as one of the primary causes of desertification, so it is not
the correct answer. Choice 2, "global warning," is mentioned as a
cause of desertification in paragraph 4, so it is incorrect. Choice 4,
"raising of livestock," is described in paragraph 7 as another cause
of desertification, so it is incorrect. The passage includes excessive
irrigation as a cause of desertification, but not its opposite, insufficient
irrigation, so that is the correct answer.
10. ○1
This
is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single
sentence in the passage is highlighted:
The extreme seriousness of
desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers
of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even
slowing the process.
The
correct answer is choice 1. That choice contains all of the essential information in the highlighted sentence and does not
change its meaning. The only substantive difference between choice 1 and the
tested sentence is the order in which he information is presented. Two clauses
in the highlighted sentence, "The great difficulty of reversing the
process" and "the numbers of people affected," have simply been reversed;
no meaning has been changed, and no information has been removed. Choices 2,3,
and 4 are all incorrect because they change the meaning of the highlighted
sentence.
11. ○3
This
is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by the
passage. The correct answer is choice 3; the passage suggests that the author
believes "Desertification will continue to increase." The last
paragraph of the passage says that slowing or reversing the erosion process
will be very difficult, but that it may occur in those areas that are not too


前几天准备面试了没发= = = = =

Early Cinema
The
cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved
from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were
projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was
viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose.
Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public
in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which
contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to
view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors
contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine),
customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in
the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).
These
Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven
successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors,
customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one
machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The
Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in
the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in
the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each).
He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold
projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from
him instead of several.
Exhibitors,
however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by
projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than
one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the
opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and
Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and
Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William
Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used
in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift
storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass
audience.
With
the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form
of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the
theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows,
classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to
several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly
from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live
performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active
involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
Although
early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of
the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be
reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.
Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and
other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most
attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative
control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological
marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of
trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and
the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the
camera.
With
the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no
longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the
Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced
motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead
of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared
with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image
that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of
1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.


Paragraph
1: The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology
evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images
were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a
film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that
purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to
the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades,
which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer
to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors
contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine),
customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in
the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).
1.
According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in
Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT:
○One individual at a time viewed a film.
○Customers could view one film after another.
○Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films.
○Each film was short.
Paragraph
2: These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which
had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph
parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving
from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of
music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more
interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these
parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately
$10 to $15 each). He refused to develop
projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then
exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of
several.
2.
The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to
○explain Edison's financial success
○describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors
○contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors
○illustrate how much more technologically advanced
Kinetoscope parlors were
3.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
from the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways
or leave out essential information.
○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of
machines than in developing a technology based on only one.
○Edison refused to work on projection technology because
he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.
○Edison did not want to develop projection technology
because it limited the number of machines he could sell.


○Edison would not develop projection technology unless
exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
Paragraph
3: Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do
more readily by projecting a
handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time)
and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the
first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere,
Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham
(with the assistance of Edison's
former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early
projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local
town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to
show films to a mass audience.
4.
The word “readily” in the passage
is closest in meaning to
○frequently
○easily
○intelligently
○obviously
5.
The word “assistance” in
the passage is closest in meaning to
○criticism
○leadership
○help
○approval
Paragraph
4: With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the
ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed
spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and
minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been
presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed
significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either
live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active
involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
6.
According to paragraph 4, how did the early movies differ from previous
spectacles that were presented to large audiences?
○They were a more expensive form of entertainment.
○They were viewed by larger audiences.
○They were more educational.
○They did not require live entertainers.
Paragraph
5: Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the
substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that
can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by
the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by
mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought
would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures,
their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological
marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of
trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and