牛津英语分享:英语被动语态与主动语态的转换原则及例句
将主动语态变为被动语态时,先把主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如为代词,宾格须变为主格),接着把主动结构的动词由主动语态变为被动语态,最后在动词被动语态之后加介词by,再将主动结构中的主语放在by之后,变为by的宾语(如为代词,主格须变为宾格)。英语中大多数有及物动词的主动句都可以转换为被动句,具体转换原则和注意事项如下:
第一、含一个宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,动词由主动结构变为被动结构,主语变为由介词引起的短语,by引起的短语有时可以省略,如:
主动句:People play football all over the world.
被动句:Football is played all over the world.
第二、含双宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,只把其中一个宾语变为主语,如:
主动句:My friend lent me those books.
被动句:Those books were lent (to) me by my friend.
第三、含两个直接宾语的主动句
带有两个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,通常只把表示人的宾语改为主语,表示事物的宾语一般不变,如
主动句:They asked him some questions.
被动句:He was asked some questions (by them).
第四、含that宾语从句的主动句
当含有that的宾语从句的主动句变为被动句时,通常以间接宾语作为主语,that从句不变;
主动句:She told me that the teacher would come soon.
被动句:I was told that the teacher would come soon.
第五、含复合宾语的主动句
带有宾语和宾语补足语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,原来的宾语补足语保留不变,但在作用上为主语补足语。作主语补足语的可以是名词(短语)、形容词(短语)和非限定动词(短语),其中不定式都必须带to;
主动句:The farmer made the horses work the whole day.
被动句:The horses were made to work the whole day.
第六、含短语动词的主动句
含短语动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把它们作为整体看待,不可丢掉动词后的介词或副词;
1、含有动词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的介词;
主动句:People often talk about this film.
被动句:This file is often talked about.
2、含有动词+名词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,有两种转换方法:一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语;二是把固定动词短语中的名词变为被动句的主语;
主动句:Someone had set fire to the house.
被动句:The house had been set fire to.
3、含有动词+副词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的副词,如:
主动句:You must hand in all your composition after class.
被动句:All your composition must be handed in after class.
4、含有动词+副词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的副词和介词:
主动句:Li Ping will catch up with him if he doesn't run faster.
被动句:He will be caught up with by Li Ping if he doesn't run faster.
将主动语态变为被动语态时,先把主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如为代词,宾格须变为主格),接着把主动结构的动词由主动语态变为被动语态,最后在动词被动语态之后加介词by,再将主动结构中的主语放在by之后,变为by的宾语(如为代词,主格须变为宾格)。英语中大多数有及物动词的主动句都可以转换为被动句,具体转换原则和注意事项如下:
第一、含一个宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,动词由主动结构变为被动结构,主语变为由介词引起的短语,by引起的短语有时可以省略,如:
主动句:People play football all over the world.
被动句:Football is played all over the world.
第二、含双宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,只把其中一个宾语变为主语,如:
主动句:My friend lent me those books.
被动句:Those books were lent (to) me by my friend.
第三、含两个直接宾语的主动句
带有两个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,通常只把表示人的宾语改为主语,表示事物的宾语一般不变,如
主动句:They asked him some questions.
被动句:He was asked some questions (by them).
第四、含that宾语从句的主动句
当含有that的宾语从句的主动句变为被动句时,通常以间接宾语作为主语,that从句不变;
主动句:She told me that the teacher would come soon.
被动句:I was told that the teacher would come soon.
第五、含复合宾语的主动句
带有宾语和宾语补足语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,原来的宾语补足语保留不变,但在作用上为主语补足语。作主语补足语的可以是名词(短语)、形容词(短语)和非限定动词(短语),其中不定式都必须带to;
主动句:The farmer made the horses work the whole day.
被动句:The horses were made to work the whole day.
第六、含短语动词的主动句
含短语动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把它们作为整体看待,不可丢掉动词后的介词或副词;
1、含有动词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的介词;
主动句:People often talk about this film.
被动句:This file is often talked about.
2、含有动词+名词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,有两种转换方法:一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语;二是把固定动词短语中的名词变为被动句的主语;
主动句:Someone had set fire to the house.
被动句:The house had been set fire to.
3、含有动词+副词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的副词,如:
主动句:You must hand in all your composition after class.
被动句:All your composition must be handed in after class.
4、含有动词+副词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后的副词和介词:
主动句:Li Ping will catch up with him if he doesn't run faster.
被动句:He will be caught up with by Li Ping if he doesn't run faster.