由于存在禁止口头修改条款,母公司不因其行为而让子公司的仲裁条款对其产生拘束力(英国案例)
2020年1月20日,在Kabab-ji Sal (Lebanon) v Kout Food Group (Kuwait) [2020] EWCA Civ 6一案中,英格兰及威尔士上诉法院认定《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》和英格兰法在禁止口头修改条款方面的禁反言的法理方面没有区别,禁止口头修改条款的有效性例外也一样,即一方当事人因禁反言而不得主张该条款。因为本案涉案协议中有严格的禁止口头修改条款,而本案实体协议由上诉人与被上诉人的子公司订立,而且不存在明确的书面文件表明被上诉人同意参加仲裁,所以该仲裁裁决不得对被上诉人强制执行。
一、背景介绍
上诉人Kabab-ji Sal是一家黎巴嫩公司,已与科威特公司AHFC签订了《特许经营发展协议》(Franchise Development Agreement, FDA)。其中规定协议准据法是英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised ininternational transactions)补充;仲裁地在法国巴黎,机构为国际商会仲裁院(ICC)。
2005年,AHFC成为被上诉人Kout Food Group的子公司,被上诉人也是一家科威特公司。上诉人与AHFC就FDA的履行产生争议。上诉人在法国巴黎国际商会仲裁院总部提起仲裁。然而,上诉人仅针对被上诉人,而非AHFC提起仲裁。仲裁庭裁定,被上诉人是否受仲裁协议拘束需依照法国法认定,但是AHFC与被上诉人之间是否发生实质性权利和义务转移的问题则需要依照英格兰法认定,而仲裁庭的结论是,根据当事人的行为可以推定为权利义务的转让(novation),因此被上诉人成为主要特许经营者,受FDA拘束,并且被上诉人违反了FDA。
被上诉人向法国法院提出了撤裁申请。同时,上诉人根据1996《仲裁法》第101条在英格兰法院申请执行裁决,英格兰法院单方面裁定执行该仲裁裁决。被上诉人根据1996《仲裁法》第103(2)(a)和(b)向英格兰法院申请拒绝承认和执行该裁决并撤销单方面裁定。英格兰法院对某些初步问题进行了审理,并认定仲裁条款的效力以及被上诉人是否加入仲裁的问题的准据法是英格兰法,并认定被上诉人并未成为FDA的当事人,因此也未成为其仲裁协议的当事人。
虽然FDA包含禁止口头修改(No Oral Modification)条款,但上诉人坚持主张被上诉人通过其行为,在现有当事人的明示或默示同意下为成为了FDA的一方当事人。
原审法官指出,由于本案协议准据法是英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised ininternational transactions)补充,而对于“普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则”仲裁员参照适用2016《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》,但其结论是仲裁庭无法在仲裁协议中添加任何内容,理由是仲裁条款规定,在任何情况下仲裁员都不得使用任何与协议严格措词相抵触的规则。
原审法官适用了Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd
UKSC 24,
A.C. 119,
5 WLUK 292案中有关禁止口头修改条款的法理,指出禁反言的范围无限扩张以至破坏当事人协议的确定性。然而,原审法官没有就此问题做出最终决定,并指出鉴于FDA要求当事人遵守诚信原则和公平原则要求,如果上诉人可以出示文件证明存在类似书面同意的文件使得被上诉人成为协议的一方,则可能存在一定可能来以诚信原则来将其解释为被上诉人加入FDA的书面同意。因此,原审法官裁定中止上诉人的执行申请,以待被上诉人向法国法院提出的撤裁申请的结果。
上诉人不服,就涉及仲裁协议准据法的初步问题以及被上诉人是否已成为该协议的当事人的一项法院决定提出上诉。被上诉人对原审法官未就初步问题做出最终裁定而提出交叉上诉。
二、法院认定
上诉法院驳回上诉人的上诉,批准了被上诉人的交叉上诉。
在仲裁协议准据法方面,上诉法院认为,根据FDA第1条,该书面协议即包括所有协议条款,其中包括仲裁条款。第15条规定,协议准据法为英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised in international transactions)补充,而仲裁条款本身指出,仲裁员应适用FDA中的规定。根据Moore-Bick LJ in Sulamerica v Enesa Engelharia [2012] EWCA Civ 638; [2013]1 WLR 102案和采纳该案的新加坡的BCY v BCZ [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 583案, 除非有相反的表征,否则实体合同的准据法是仲裁协议准据法的有力表征(the governing law of the main contract is a strong indicator of the governing law of the arbitration agreement unless there are indications to the contrary.)。而依照Arsanovia v Cruz City 1 Mauritius Holdings [2012] EWHC 3702 (Comm); [2013]1 Lloyd's Rep 235案,双方当事人对仲裁条款中无任何内容表明仲裁条款准据法是英格兰法这点并无争议,因此,第1条和第15条的正确解释是准据法条款涵盖了整个仲裁协议,存在有整个FDA的准据法为英格兰法的明确意图(As Andrew Smith J said in Arsanovia at [22]: "Express terms do not stipulate only what is absolutely and unambiguously explicit". If, as I have held, the express words the parties have used in Articles 1 and 15 and the first sentence of Article 14.3, demonstrate a clear intention that the entire FDA including the arbitration agreement, is to be governed by English law, it matters not that this is not spelt out expressly in Article 14 itself. That express choice of English law as governing the entire FDA including the arbitration agreement is not affected by the fact that Article 14.5 provides that the seat of the arbitration is to be Paris. Whatever impact that provision might have on an implied choice of the governing law of the arbitration agreement, it cannot overcome the clear effect of the express terms of the FDA that Article 15 covers not only the FDA but the arbitration agreement.)。仲裁条款规定,仲裁地应为法国巴黎,这一事实并不影响对英格兰法的明确选择。原审法官认为当事人明确选择英格兰法为仲裁协议准据法的判断是正确的,并不用考虑仲裁地对仲裁协议的准据法的作用(Accordingly, in my judgment, the judge was correct in his determination that there was an express choice of English law as the governing law of the arbitration agreement. That conclusion means that it is not necessary to consider KFG's alternative case that there was an implied choice of English law, thereby avoiding deciding the questions whether the correct analysis of Sulamerica is the one for which Mr Diwan QC contends and how the requirement of necessity for business efficacy before a term can be implied can be satisfied in any given case where there is a fallback position of either the law of the country with which the arbitration agreement has its closest and most real connection or the law of the country where the award is made. Since those questions do not require to be answered, it seems to me better to leave them for determination in another case where they are a necessary part of the determination to be made by the Court.)。
在禁止口头修改条款的效果方面,在Rock Advertising案之前的法理为禁止口头修改条款无效。但是,在Rock Advertising案中,Sumption勋爵讨论了该案的一个特别的事实,即《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》确实承认这种条款是有效的,只是存在例外,即在另一方已合理行事,且另一方已经对一方当事人的行为有合理依赖的情况下,一方当事人因其行为而被禁止主张这种条款有效。从Rock Advertising案中可以得出,在禁反言法理上,《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》和英格兰法之间几乎没有什么区别,其并未规定比英格兰法更广泛的排除标准(What emerges is that there is little difference between the UNIDROIT approach and the English approach through the doctrines of estoppel. This is borne out by the example of the exception in the second sentence of Article 2.1.
2020年1月20日,在Kabab-ji Sal (Lebanon) v Kout Food Group (Kuwait) [2020] EWCA Civ 6一案中,英格兰及威尔士上诉法院认定《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》和英格兰法在禁止口头修改条款方面的禁反言的法理方面没有区别,禁止口头修改条款的有效性例外也一样,即一方当事人因禁反言而不得主张该条款。因为本案涉案协议中有严格的禁止口头修改条款,而本案实体协议由上诉人与被上诉人的子公司订立,而且不存在明确的书面文件表明被上诉人同意参加仲裁,所以该仲裁裁决不得对被上诉人强制执行。
一、背景介绍
上诉人Kabab-ji Sal是一家黎巴嫩公司,已与科威特公司AHFC签订了《特许经营发展协议》(Franchise Development Agreement, FDA)。其中规定协议准据法是英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised ininternational transactions)补充;仲裁地在法国巴黎,机构为国际商会仲裁院(ICC)。
2005年,AHFC成为被上诉人Kout Food Group的子公司,被上诉人也是一家科威特公司。上诉人与AHFC就FDA的履行产生争议。上诉人在法国巴黎国际商会仲裁院总部提起仲裁。然而,上诉人仅针对被上诉人,而非AHFC提起仲裁。仲裁庭裁定,被上诉人是否受仲裁协议拘束需依照法国法认定,但是AHFC与被上诉人之间是否发生实质性权利和义务转移的问题则需要依照英格兰法认定,而仲裁庭的结论是,根据当事人的行为可以推定为权利义务的转让(novation),因此被上诉人成为主要特许经营者,受FDA拘束,并且被上诉人违反了FDA。
被上诉人向法国法院提出了撤裁申请。同时,上诉人根据1996《仲裁法》第101条在英格兰法院申请执行裁决,英格兰法院单方面裁定执行该仲裁裁决。被上诉人根据1996《仲裁法》第103(2)(a)和(b)向英格兰法院申请拒绝承认和执行该裁决并撤销单方面裁定。英格兰法院对某些初步问题进行了审理,并认定仲裁条款的效力以及被上诉人是否加入仲裁的问题的准据法是英格兰法,并认定被上诉人并未成为FDA的当事人,因此也未成为其仲裁协议的当事人。
虽然FDA包含禁止口头修改(No Oral Modification)条款,但上诉人坚持主张被上诉人通过其行为,在现有当事人的明示或默示同意下为成为了FDA的一方当事人。
原审法官指出,由于本案协议准据法是英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised ininternational transactions)补充,而对于“普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则”仲裁员参照适用2016《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》,但其结论是仲裁庭无法在仲裁协议中添加任何内容,理由是仲裁条款规定,在任何情况下仲裁员都不得使用任何与协议严格措词相抵触的规则。
原审法官适用了Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd
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上诉人不服,就涉及仲裁协议准据法的初步问题以及被上诉人是否已成为该协议的当事人的一项法院决定提出上诉。被上诉人对原审法官未就初步问题做出最终裁定而提出交叉上诉。
二、法院认定
上诉法院驳回上诉人的上诉,批准了被上诉人的交叉上诉。
在仲裁协议准据法方面,上诉法院认为,根据FDA第1条,该书面协议即包括所有协议条款,其中包括仲裁条款。第15条规定,协议准据法为英格兰法,并且由诚信原则和公平原则、以及普遍在国际交易中承认的法律原则(principles of law generally recognised in international transactions)补充,而仲裁条款本身指出,仲裁员应适用FDA中的规定。根据Moore-Bick LJ in Sulamerica v Enesa Engelharia [2012] EWCA Civ 638; [2013]1 WLR 102案和采纳该案的新加坡的BCY v BCZ [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 583案, 除非有相反的表征,否则实体合同的准据法是仲裁协议准据法的有力表征(the governing law of the main contract is a strong indicator of the governing law of the arbitration agreement unless there are indications to the contrary.)。而依照Arsanovia v Cruz City 1 Mauritius Holdings [2012] EWHC 3702 (Comm); [2013]1 Lloyd's Rep 235案,双方当事人对仲裁条款中无任何内容表明仲裁条款准据法是英格兰法这点并无争议,因此,第1条和第15条的正确解释是准据法条款涵盖了整个仲裁协议,存在有整个FDA的准据法为英格兰法的明确意图(As Andrew Smith J said in Arsanovia at [22]: "Express terms do not stipulate only what is absolutely and unambiguously explicit". If, as I have held, the express words the parties have used in Articles 1 and 15 and the first sentence of Article 14.3, demonstrate a clear intention that the entire FDA including the arbitration agreement, is to be governed by English law, it matters not that this is not spelt out expressly in Article 14 itself. That express choice of English law as governing the entire FDA including the arbitration agreement is not affected by the fact that Article 14.5 provides that the seat of the arbitration is to be Paris. Whatever impact that provision might have on an implied choice of the governing law of the arbitration agreement, it cannot overcome the clear effect of the express terms of the FDA that Article 15 covers not only the FDA but the arbitration agreement.)。仲裁条款规定,仲裁地应为法国巴黎,这一事实并不影响对英格兰法的明确选择。原审法官认为当事人明确选择英格兰法为仲裁协议准据法的判断是正确的,并不用考虑仲裁地对仲裁协议的准据法的作用(Accordingly, in my judgment, the judge was correct in his determination that there was an express choice of English law as the governing law of the arbitration agreement. That conclusion means that it is not necessary to consider KFG's alternative case that there was an implied choice of English law, thereby avoiding deciding the questions whether the correct analysis of Sulamerica is the one for which Mr Diwan QC contends and how the requirement of necessity for business efficacy before a term can be implied can be satisfied in any given case where there is a fallback position of either the law of the country with which the arbitration agreement has its closest and most real connection or the law of the country where the award is made. Since those questions do not require to be answered, it seems to me better to leave them for determination in another case where they are a necessary part of the determination to be made by the Court.)。
在禁止口头修改条款的效果方面,在Rock Advertising案之前的法理为禁止口头修改条款无效。但是,在Rock Advertising案中,Sumption勋爵讨论了该案的一个特别的事实,即《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》确实承认这种条款是有效的,只是存在例外,即在另一方已合理行事,且另一方已经对一方当事人的行为有合理依赖的情况下,一方当事人因其行为而被禁止主张这种条款有效。从Rock Advertising案中可以得出,在禁反言法理上,《国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)国际商事合同通则》和英格兰法之间几乎没有什么区别,其并未规定比英格兰法更广泛的排除标准(What emerges is that there is little difference between the UNIDROIT approach and the English approach through the doctrines of estoppel. This is borne out by the example of the exception in the second sentence of Article 2.1.