200814620143李国艳【英美概况学习吧吧】

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It is a haunting vision of a knightly golden age swept away by civil strife and the betrayal of its ideals. Malory identified Winchester as Camelot, and it was there in the same year that Henry VII´s eldest son was baptised as Prince Arthur, to herald the new age.
In the meantime Geoffrey of Monmouth's tome had not been forgotten, and Arthur was also seen as a political and historical figure. Nowhere was this more true than in the minds of 16th-century rulers of Britain, trying desperately to prove their equal worth with their sometimes-ally sometimes-foe Charles V, the great Holy Roman Emperor.

The young prince Arthur did not live to be crowned king and usher in a true new Arthurian age, but in 1509 his younger brother became Henry VIII and took in the message. He had the Winchester Round Table of Edward III repainted, with himself depicted at the top. Here he was shown as a latter-day Arthur, a Christian emperor and head of a new British empire, with claims once more to European glory, just as Geoffrey of Monmouth and Thomas Malory had described

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　英国王室官方网站上的英国王室成员列表：
　　女王陛下
　　爱丁堡公爵殿下(王夫)
　　王储(威尔士亲王)和康沃尔公爵夫人(女王长子及妻子)
　　威廉王子殿下(王储长子)
　　哈利王子殿下(王储次子)
　　约克公爵殿下(女王次子)
　　比阿特丽斯公主殿下(约克公爵长女)
　　尤金妮公主殿下(约克公爵次女)
　　埃塞克斯伯爵夫妇殿下(女王幼子及妻子)
　　路易丝温莎小姐(埃塞克斯伯爵夫妇之女)
　　长公主殿下(女王之女)
　　格罗斯特公爵夫妇(女王堂弟及妻子)
　　肯特公爵夫妇(女王堂弟及妻子)
　　肯特的迈克王子夫妇(女王堂弟及妻子)
　　亚历山德拉公主，尊敬的Ogilvy夫人(女王堂妹)
　　Recently deceased members of the family are:
　　最近逝世的王室成员：
　　格罗斯特公爵夫人爱丽斯王妃殿下(女王的婶婶)
　　伊丽莎白太后陛下(女王母亲)
　　玛格丽特公主殿下，斯诺顿伯爵夫人(女王之妹)
　　威尔士王妃戴安娜(王储前妻)
　　List of extended members
　　外围王室成员名单：
　　皮特·菲利普斯，扎拉·菲利普斯(长公主子女)
　　林利子爵(玛格丽特公主之子)，子爵夫人，子爵之子女
　　莎拉·夏托夫人(玛格丽特公主之女)，其夫，其子女
　　阿尔斯特伯爵夫妇(格罗斯特公爵之儿子儿媳)
　　达维娜·温莎小姐，罗丝·温莎小姐(格罗斯特公爵之女)
　　圣安德鲁伯爵夫妇(肯特公爵儿子儿媳)及其子女
　　海伦·泰勒夫人(肯特公爵之女)，其夫，其子女
　　詹姆斯·奥吉维夫妇(亚历山德拉公主的儿子儿媳)及其子女(亚历山大·查尔斯和弗罗拉·亚历山德拉)
　　尼古拉斯·温莎勋爵(肯特公爵幼子)
　　玛丽娜·莫瓦特夫人(亚历山德拉公主之女)及其子女(与前夫所生的克里斯蒂安·亚历山大和泽诺斯卡·梅依)
　　海伍德伯爵(乔治五世女儿，长公主玛丽之子)，他的第二个妻子，及其子女
　　杰拉尔德·兰利 (海伍德伯爵之弟)之遗孀及其子女
　　法夫公爵(爱德华七世之曾孙)及其子女
　　萨尔托恩(Saltoun)夫人(维多利亚女王第三子，亚瑟王子(Prince Arthur, Connaught)康诺特公爵之孙Alexander Ramsay of Mar遗孀及其子女
　　缅甸的蒙巴顿女伯爵(第一任缅甸的蒙巴顿伯爵，路易斯·蒙巴顿的长女，爱丁堡公爵的表妹)，其丈夫及子女
　　汉诺威王子夫妇(乔治三世的曾曾曾曾孙)。虽然他们和现在英国王室关系很远，但他们是乔治五世以前，汉诺威王室仅有的嫡系传人。他们宣称自己是大不列颠和爱尔兰的王子王妃，但这一称号并未得到英国王室承认。
　　这些人并无王室头衔，也不帮女王执行王室公务，也不从王室内库中支取薪资。但女王会邀请他们参加非官方的仪式，也会参加一些官方的仪式，如女王生日时的阅兵礼，女王的金禧纪念，王室成员的葬礼等。
　　在世的王室成员前配偶列表：
　　约克公爵夫人莎拉(约克公爵前妻)
　　马克·菲利普斯(安妮公主前夫)
　　斯诺顿伯爵(玛格丽特公主前夫)
　　Parliamentary Annuities
　　年金
　　执行公务的王室成员每年有资格领取一笔年金(相当于工资)
　　爱丁堡公爵，35万9千英镑
　　约克公爵，24万9千英镑
　　肯特公爵夫妇，23万6千英镑
　　安妮公主，22万8千英镑
　　亚历山德拉公主，22万5千英镑
　　格罗斯特公爵夫妇，17万5千英镑
　　埃塞克斯伯爵夫妇，14万1千英镑
　　1993年起，女王同意为所得和资金收益付税，同时宣布以后只有女王，菲利普亲王，太后会收取王室专款。
　　然而，其王室成员并没停止支取王室专款，他们支取后，女王会返还相同数量到国库。这只是一个掩盖停止付款后管理和立法上难题的折中办法，但女王每年因此少缴纳53万6千所得税，这些税会从她应付的所得税中扣除。
　　.

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2000年前，公元122年，罗马帝国的不列颠统治者Hadrian 开始修建一座工程浩大的防御工程，历史上把这座墙称作Hadrian's Wall.

Hadrians Wall

Hadrians Wall Path was opened in 2002 and has proved an immediate success with walkers from both the UK and abroad. The route follows the line of Hadrian's wall, constructed by Roman emperor Hadrianus between AD120 and 128 to protect the northern extreme of the Roman Empire.

It crosses the country from coast to coast from Wallsend, near Newcastle, through the rolling border countryside of Northumberland, continuing to the historic city of Carlisle and finally to the flat plains of the Solway Coast.

Every mile there is a milecastle with two watchtowers in-between. Although sections have been plundered for local houses, the central section is very well preserved, as well as the various forts and milecastles on the way.

We have a range of holidays along Hadrians Wall, from a 3 day short break on the most dramatic, central section of the wall between Chollerford and Gilsland. To a 6-10 day walk over the entire length of the National Trail.

Click on the links below to have a look at the details for each holiday.
　A brilliant Neoclassical soundtrack about the Roman defenses in Great Britain in the second century a.chr. introducing both the Dutch artist Irvin Getrouw (who is also live-member of A Challenge Of Honour) with his project PRAETORIO.

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The Tower of London was founded in 1078 when William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built inside the southeast angle of the city walls, adjacent to the Thames.[1] This was as much to protect the Normans from the people of the City of London as to protect London from outside invaders. William ordered the tower to be built of Caen stone, which he had specially imported from France. He appointed Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, as the architect.

Some writers, such as William Shakespeare in his play Richard III, have ascribed an earlier origin to the Tower of London and have stated that it was built by Julius Caesar. This supposed Roman origin is a myth, however, as is the story that the mortar used in its construction was tempered by the blood of beasts.

In the 12th century, King Richard the Lionheart enclosed the White Tower with a curtain wall and had a moat dug around it filled with water from the Thames. The moat was not successful until Henry III, in the 13th century, employed a Dutch moat-building technique. This king greatly strengthened the curtain wall, breaking down the city wall to the east, to extend the circuit, despite the protests of the citizens of London and even supernatural warnings, according to chronicler Matthew Paris. Henry III transformed the tower into a major royal residence and had palatial buildings constructed within the Inner Bailey.

The fortification was completed between 1275 and 1285 by Edward I, who built the outer curtain wall, completely enclosing the inner wall and thus creating a concentric double defence. He filled in the moat and built a new moat around the new outer wall.

The tower remained a royal residence until the time of Oliver Cromwell, who demolished the old palatial buildings.

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the picture of bloody sunday

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Bloody Sunday (1972)
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For other incidents referred to by this name, see Bloody Sunday.

Banner and Crosses carried by the families of the Bloody Sunday victims on the annual commemoration march.Bloody Sunday (Irish: Domhnach na Fola)[1] is the term used to describe an incident in Derry,[2] Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26 civil rights protesters were shot by members of the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute Regiment during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in the Bogside area of the city.[3] Thirteen people, seven of whom were teenagers, died immediately, while the death of another person 4½ months later has been attributed to the injuries he received on the day. Two protesters were injured when they were run down by army vehicles.[4] Many witnesses including bystanders and journalists testify that all those shot were unarmed. Five of those wounded were shot in the back.[5]

Two investigations have been held by the British Government. The Widgery Tribunal, held in the immediate aftermath of the event, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame, but was criticised by many as a "whitewash"[6][7][8] including former chief of staff to Tony Blair, Jonathan Powell.[9] The Saville Inquiry, established in 1998 to look at the events again (chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate), has yet to report as of September 2008.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) campaign against Northern Ireland being a part of the United Kingdom had begun in the two years prior to Bloody Sunday, but perceptions of the day boosted the status of and recruitment into the organisation.[10] Bloody Sunday remains among the most significant events in the recent troubles of Northern Ireland, arguably because it was carried out by the army and not paramilitaries, and in full public and press view