Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
第三章:行为的生物学基础
Research on the biological basis of behaviors mostly involves studying 2 major biological
systems: The nervous system and the endocrine system.
行为的生物学基础研究主要涉及研究两个主要生物系统:神经系统和内分泌系统。
I. The Neural Basis of Behaviour
I. 行为的神经基础
A. Nerve Cells
A. 神经细胞
There are 2 types of nerve cells: Neurons and glial cells (glia)
有两种不同的神经细胞：神经元（Neurons）和神经胶质细胞(glial cells)
1. About 100 billion neurons, which generate electro-chemical signals
that form the basis of all nerve activities.
大约有1000亿个神经元,产生生物电信号,这就是所有的神经活动的基础。

About 1 trillion glial cells (or glia, the Greek word for glue) which serve 3 main
functions:
大约有1万亿胶质细胞(或神经胶质,希腊语中的胶水)作用于这3个主要功能:
a. Provide nutrient (*food*) for the neurons and remove toxins and
waste within the nervous system.
A. 为神经元提供营养(“食品”)和在神经系统内排除毒素和废物
b. Regulate regeneration and repair of neurons (in very limited brain
areas) .
b. 调节神经元的再生和修复(在非常有限的大脑区域内)。
c. A special kind of glial cells, called Schwann Cells, form the myelin
sheath that warps around the axon of some (long) neurons. Myelin
sheath:
c. 一种特殊的神经胶质细胞,叫做雪旺细胞(Schwann Cells),形成扭曲的轴突的髓鞘(长)神经元。
髓鞘,神经毒物,髓磷脂（Myelin sheath）
i. Prevents electrical signals from *jumping* from one neuron to
Another.
i. 防止生物电信号从一个神经元“跳”到另一个。
ii. Reduce the likelihood of damage and breakage along the
Axon.
ii.减少沿着轴突损伤和破坏的可能性。
ii. Increases the speed with which electricity travels along the
Neuron.
ii.增加沿着神经元的电速度。

D. The Two Nervous Systems
D.两个神经系统
1. The Peripheral Nervous System
1. 外围神经系统
a. The Somatic Nervous System (controls movement and senses)
Afferent (sensory) vs. Efferent (motor) nerves
a.躯体神经系统(控制运动和感觉)传入(感官)和传出神经(运动)
b. The Autonomic Nervous System (control organs)
Sympathetic (mobilizes body for emergency) vs.
Parasympathetic (conserve resources during periods of calm)
nervous system.
b.自主神经系统(控制器官)同情(紧急动员身体)与副交感神经(节约资源平静时期)神经系统。
2. The Central Nervous System
2.中枢神经系统
Consists of nerve cells within the brain and the spinal cord
由大脑和脊髓内的神经细构成

II. The Brain
II. 大脑
The brain, located inside the skull and surrounded by cerebral-spinal fluid, weighs about
3 pounds (~ 1.5 kg). It can be divided into many different regions.
大脑,位于颅骨并且被脑脊髓液包围,重约3磅(约1.5公斤),它可以分为很多不同的地区。

A. The Hindbrain
A.后脑
The hindbrain is the oldest part of the brain. (It is, in fact, the entire brain of
present-day reptiles). It consists of three structures: the medulla, the pons, and the
Cerebellum.
大脑的后脑是最古老的部分。(事实上,所有的爬行动物的大脑都是这样)。它由三个结构:髓质、脑桥、小脑。
1. Medulla
1.髓质
The medulla is located where the spinal cord joins with the brain. It regulates
our breathing, blood pressure, heart beat, and other survival mechanisms
髓质位于脊髓和大脑连接地方。它控制我们的呼吸,血压,心跳和其他生存机制

2. The Pons
2.脑桥
Means ‘bridge’ in Greek. It consists of nerve fibres that link all major brain
parts. The pons controls facial muscles, including eye movement, and it
helps initiate dreaming.
希腊语里意味着“桥”。由它联系大脑中神经纤维的所有主要部分。脑桥控制面部肌肉,包括眼球运动,它有助于开始做梦。
2. The Cerebellum
3.小脑
Meaning *the little brain,* the cerebellum weighs about 11 % of the entire
brain. It coordinates and executes movements as directed by *higher* brain
centres. It also plays a critical role in storing *how-to* memories
意思是”小脑”,小脑的重量占整个大脑的11%。它协调和执行动作导演着“更高的”大脑中心。它还在如何记忆中起着关键的作用

C. The Forebrain
C.前脑
The forebrain can be sub-divided into two main regions: (1) the top-most region
called the cerebral cortex, and (2) the inner forebrain, which consists of
everything else that are above the midbrain but below the cerebral cortex.
前脑可以分为两个主要区域:(1)顶部的区域，称为大脑皮层,和(2)前脑内,上面的一切高于中脑但低于大脑皮层的组织构成。
1. The inner forebrain
1.前脑内
a. The Thalamus
a. 丘脑
The Thalamus is located in about the centre of the brain (at about the
level of the eyes). It is the centre for sensory integration and projection.
The thalamus also plays a role in controlling sleep and wakefulness by
*telling* the midbrain (esp. the Reticular Activating System) how much
sensory information should be sent through.
丘脑位于大脑中心的(眼睛的水平线位置)。这是感觉中心的集成和发射.丘脑中在控制睡眠和觉醒的“告诉”中脑(特别是网状激活系统)有多少感觉信息发送中扮演了重要的角色。

攒人品
＿＿＿＿一把来自陌生人的伞。