总结:
通过安特卫普和阿姆斯特丹两个例子,可以将集市向商品交易所转变的原因总结如下:在西欧商业复兴的背景下,政府制定的政策是集市向交易所转变的重要原因。为了促进商业的繁荣,城市当局会采取措施吸引外地或外国商人来经商,并会尽力促进各地商人的经商权利的平等,相关的法律制度就会建立起来,并不断完善。而随着制度的完善,各地商人享受的权利也会更趋于平等。近代以来,领土国家的出现和中央政府的形成使执政者得以较为顺利地利用政治、军事等各种手段来保障商业发展。同时,近代国家司法体系也保证了各国商人处于较平等的地位。此外,地方政府的作用也不容忽视。地方政府通常为城市商业发展提供了基础条件,还会作出较国家更加细致的规定。总之,中世纪末期的商业复兴为集市的繁荣和转变提供了客观条件。城市当局和国家政权是重要集市最终转变为国际商品交易所的主要推动者,且城市当局的作用更为明显。
注释:
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