【资料】考研英语语法指导【银河法律吧】

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1楼2014-04-24 08:28回复

语法是考研英语的基础，这部分在考试当中虽然没有明确一种题型单独测试，但任何其它一种题型中都贯穿很多的语法知识，这部分基础如果欠缺，其它的综合能力提高起来将会很慢，所以所有复习考研的学生都要重视语法知识。对于英语基础比较差，英语语法基础本来就不好的同学，考研就要放弃吗?当然不，大家不要被眼前的困难吓倒。英语语法固然重要，但是只要你潜心复习，很快就会重拾记忆。当然，其中需要一定的方法和技巧。
　　语法复习起来应该有所侧重，必须有针对性，否则死扣语法，不但浪费时间，也不一定能有很好的效果。考生在复习语法过程中可以按照以下方法进行：
　　1.有一本正规的语法书
　　对于那些语法基础知识较差的考生，一本正规的语法书就像一本词典，随时可以帮助大家重拾记忆。考生可以根据语法书中系统复习一遍，找找当时学习英语的感觉。
　　2.重点掌握句法
　　句法对阅读及翻译写作都十分重要，因此必须重点复习。
　　3.抓住重点重点练习
　　对于历年真题中常考的从句等，考生要重点强化一下，毕竟这些内容相对来说比较难，需要花费的时间比较多。重点内容是什么呢?万学海文给大家总结的语法知识点如下：
　　并列句的同等关系、并列句的选择关系、并列句的转折关系、并列句的因果关系、并列句的对比关系;复合句的主语从句、复合句的宾语从句、复合句的表语从句、复合句的同位语从句、复合句的定语从句、复合句的状语从句;非谓语动词;谓语动词的时态;谓语动词的语态(包括其翻译的方法);倒装结构句;比较结构句;省略句结构;关于as与than的特殊用法等。
　　考研并不是多么难的事情，关键是自己要调整心态，给自己信心和勇气，按照规划长期坚持复习。当然，选报一个考研辅导班，对于考研学生，语法基础又比较好的同学来说是非常好的选择，需要帮助的考生不妨听一听老师的辅导，增加学习的方法和技巧，减少盲目性。

本楼含有高级字体2楼2014-04-24 08:29

其次，给大家分析一下考研英语语法与英语四六级考试语法的差异：语法考核点不一样。考研侧重对句法的考核，四六级侧重对词法的考核，它有什么区别呢?考研必考的几个语法点：
　　第一点：虚拟语气。
　　第二点：动词的时态。
　　第三点：动词的非谓语形式。
　　第四点：倒装，倒装在翻译里面考的多，一般一个英文的句序加入它是倒装的，你必须把它译成主动的，否则的话扣0.5分。
　　第五点：强调，强调在哪儿考的多啊，在阅读理解里面，你一旦发现有强调的句式你就把后面的东西圈起来，都是出题的陷阱。
　　第六点：主谓一致，主谓一致在完型天空中考的最多。
　　第七点：省略，省略在翻译里面考的最多，因为一个句子，它把它省略出来了，那么你在翻译的时候要把被省略的内容翻译出来，否则扣1分，记住了，这就是规则。
　　第八点：从句，包括定语从句，状语从句，都在内。
　　第九点：THERE BE 句型，简单。
　　这9点是考研英语必考的9个语法点，你自己必须看的，你要是自己有语法书，看我建议的这些部分。
　　最后，提醒大家，在这里我强调的就是千万不要忽略了历年真题的作用，虽然现在考研不直接出语法题，但是语法贯穿在完型、阅读、翻译、写作等真题的每一个角落里，所以把真题利用好，能给你带来事半功倍的效果，省心、省时、省钱，而且还高效率。原因是出题人不是你，所以要把自己的思路往专家的思路上靠，这个靠的过程，还得是在做真题的过程中不断地总结和体会。自己认为最简单的也许是最真实的，也是最容易忽略的。
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：

本楼含有高级字体3楼2014-04-24 08:29

If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
　　(画线部分一般不用will be)
　　(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
　　I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)
　　I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
　　比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
　　(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：
　　See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
　　(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

本楼含有高级字体6楼2014-04-24 08:31

3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
　　The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
　　The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
　　时态、语态答题思路：
　　(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案;
　　(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
　1.不定式做主语
　　(1)做形式主语的代词：
　　不定式做主语, 通常用it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：
　　It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
　　To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
　　(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：
　　不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：
　　absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
　　Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
　　It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
　　(3)不定式做主语补足语：
　　掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：
　　said
　　reported
　　thought
　　be to do sth.
　　believed
　　known
　　supposed
　　Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
　　The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
　　2.不定式做宾语
　　(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词：
　　掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
　　agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
　　Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
　　注意:
　　1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语, 这类动词有：
　　consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
　　While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

本楼含有高级字体8楼2014-04-24 08:38

　2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
　　(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：
　　Having completed one task, we started on another one.
　　(complete先于start之前发生)
　　(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：
　　He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
　　There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
　　(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
　　Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
　　Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
　　(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
　　The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
　　(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
　　The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
　　Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
　　3.分词的独立主格结构
　　分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：
　　All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
　　Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.

本楼含有高级字体10楼2014-04-24 08:46

4.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式
　　(1)现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如：
　　His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
　　(2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做(逻辑)主语。如：
　　These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them trained in new methods.
　　People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.

　1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
　　牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
　　acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
　　Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
　　I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
　　2.动名词做介词短语
　　考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
　　object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
　　There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
　　Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
　　Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
　　As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
　　Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
　非谓语动词的其他考点

本楼含有高级字体11楼2014-04-24 08:46

(3)识别事实和假设混合句：
　　Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
　　(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)
　　I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
　　(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
　　2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
　　名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
　　(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：
　　desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
　　In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
　　I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
　　(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：
　　advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
　　The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
　　It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
　　(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：
　　insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, re-quirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
　　John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
　　They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
　　3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
　　含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
　　(1)连词but, but that, or, or else;副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：
　　A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
　　Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
　　(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
　　But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
　　(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：
　　I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
　　(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：
　　I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
　　4.常用虚拟形式的句型
　　(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：
　　would rather would as soon as though suppose…
　　had rather would sooner as if supposing…
　　If only… It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式)
　　如：
　　His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.
　　I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
　　If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
　　My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
　　(2)If it were not for… (与现在事实相反)
　　If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：
　　If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
　　(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：
　　If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
　　(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：
　　The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
　　(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：

本楼含有高级字体13楼2014-04-24 08:49

Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
　　The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
　注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：
　　1.表示已经发生的情况
　　(1)must have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：
　　My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
　　(2)cant/couldn’t have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：
　　Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
　　(3)may/might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：
　　At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
　　2.表示虚拟语气
　　(1)needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：
　　As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
　　(2)should /should not have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如：
　　I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
　　(3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：
　　The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
　　(4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：
　　What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
　　(5)may/might have + 过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：
　　It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
　　3.几个情态动词常考的句型
　　(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：
　　Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
　　(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：
　　You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
　　The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
　　(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。
　　(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
　　I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.

本楼含有高级字体14楼2014-04-24 08:49

1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致
　　如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.
　　It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
　　Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
　　2.that的指代作用
　　that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如：
　　Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.
　　No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
　　3.one的指代作用
　　one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：
　　A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
　　4.do的替代作用
　　do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：
　　For him to be re’elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.
平行结构
　　1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如：
　　Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.
　　In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
　　2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：
　　It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.
　　Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
　　3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
　　(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：
　　We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.
　　For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
　　(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：
　　At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

本楼含有高级字体15楼2014-04-24 08:50

形容词、副词及其比较级
　　1.形容词的句法功能
　　形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：
　　(1)以 “a” 开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。
　　(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词是形容词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
　　(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
　　All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
　　2.副词主要测试其修饰作用
　　考生应了解：副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如：
　　This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better.
　　(与前半句的否定意义吻合)
　　It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
　　Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
　　Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
　　3.考比较级时，考生应把握
　　(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：
　　Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
　　On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
　　(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：
　　The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
　　Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
　　(3)比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：
　　Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
　　“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”

本楼含有高级字体16楼2014-04-24 08:50

大家加油思密达~~~~~~

18楼2014-04-24 08:51

高中之后，语法就忘光了

19楼2014-04-24 14:09

语法是我的硬伤

来自iPhone客户端20楼2014-04-24 15:25

边听歌边看真是一种享受

21楼2014-04-24 15:46

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【资料】考研英语语法指导

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