简单，拌土，发酵。

也可密封发酵，加em菌

密封，按体积用千分之三EM原液加千分之三红糖加20%水。

制作腐殖土需要通风条件，密封是不对的。之所以会有这种错觉是因为密封带来的保湿保温有利于腐败。
一般来说松针的碳氮比太高，直接腐烂比较慢，所以可以加一点氮基材料，也就是通常所说的绿材。
混合的时候一层松针一层烂菜叶，成堆后保持通风，保持湿度，每半个月翻一次堆促进通风。
适当加一点土作为菌种来源，可以加一点干粪作为添加剂。
等3~4个月到半年左右（取决于气温），材料完全变成土的时候就可以用了。

Microorganisms In A Compost Pile
Microorganisms such as bacteria细菌, fungi真菌, and actinomycetes放线菌 account for most of the decomposition that takes place in a pile. They are considered chemical decomposers, because they change the chemistry of organic wastes. The larger decomposers, or macroorganisms, in a compost pile include mites, centipedes, sow bugs, snails, millipedes, springtails, spiders, slugs, beetles, ants, flies, nematodes, flatworms, rotifers, and earthworms. They are considered to be physical decomposers because they grind, bite, suck, tear, and chew materials into smaller pieces.
本段大意，上面拿三种微生物起主要分解作用，还有各种虫子也可以起到物理上的分解作用（主要用啃的，不在本文考虑范围）
Of all these organisms, aerobic bacteria需氧菌 are the most important decomposers. They are very abundant; there may be millions in a gram of soil or decaying organic matter. You would need 25,000 of them laid end to end on a ruler to make an inch. They are the most nutritionally diverse of all organisms and can eat nearly anything. Bacteria utilize carbon as a source of energy (to keep on eating) and nitrogen to build protein in their bodies (so they can grow and reproduce). They obtain energy by oxidizing organic material, especially the carbon fraction. This oxidation process heats up the compost pile from ambient air temperature. If proper conditions are present, the pile will heat up fairly rapidly (within days) due to bacteria consuming readily decomposable materials.
需氧菌基本上什么都吃，炭主要提供热量，氮主要用来构成身体的蛋白质，分解碳带来的热量几天就能让肥堆升温。
While bacteria can eat a wide variety of organic compounds, they have difficulty escaping unfavorable environments due to their size and lack of complexity. Changes in oxygen, moisture, temperature, and acidity can make bacteria die or become inactive. Aerobic bacteria need oxygen levels greater than five percent. They are the preferred organisms, because they provide the most rapid and effective composting. They also excrete plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. When oxygen levels fall below five percent, the aerobes die and decomposition slows by as much as 90 percent. Anaerobic microorganisms厌氧菌 take over and, in the process, produce a lot of useless organic acids and amines胺 (ammonia-like substances) which are smelly, contain unavailable nitrogen and, in some cases, are toxic to plants. In addition, anaerobes produce hydrogen sulfide (aroma-like rotten eggs)硫化氢, cadaverine尸胺, and putrescine腐胺 (other sources of offensive odors).
需氧菌需要5%以上的氧气才能活下去或者保持活性，他们是期望的好细菌，因为分解速度快，还能提供氮磷镁。缺氧后需氧菌死亡，分解速度会降低90%以上。这时厌氧菌接手，产生一大堆没用的物质，包括有机酸和胺，又臭又没用（植物不吸收其中的氮），有时候对植物还有毒。
There are different types of aerobic bacteria that work in composting piles. Their populations will vary according to the pile temperature. Psychrophilic bacteria嗜冷菌 work in the lowest temperature range. They are most active at 55° F and will work in the pile if the initial pile temperature is less than 70º F. They give off a small amount of heat in comparison to other types of bacteria. The heat they produce is enough however, to help build the pile temperature to the point where another set of bacteria, mesophilic bacteria嗜温菌, start to take over.
Mesophilic bacteria rapidly decompose organic matter, producing acids, carbon dioxide and heat. Their working temperature range is generally between 70º to 100º F. When the pile temperature rises above 100º F, the mesophilic bacteria begin to die off or move to the outer part of the heap. They are replaced by heat-loving thermophilic bacteria.
Thermophilic bacteria 嗜热菌thrive at temperatures ranging from 113º to 160º F. Thermophilic bacteria continue the decomposition process, raising the pile temperature 130º to 160º F, where it usually stabilizes. Unless a pile is constantly fed new materials and turned at strategic times, the high range temperatures typically last no more than three to five days. Thermophilic bacteria use up too much of the degradable materials to sustain their population for any length of time. As the thermophilic bacteria decline and the temperature of the pile gradually cools off, the mesophilic bacteria again become dominant. The mesophilic bacteria consume remaining organic material with the help of other organisms.
The drop in compost pile temperature is not a sign that composting is complete, but rather an indication that the compost pile is entering another phase of the composting process. While high temperatures (above 140º F) have the advantage of killing pathogenic organisms and weed seeds, it is unnecessary to achieve those temperatures unless there is a specific concern about killing disease organisms and seeds. (You can greatly reduce the possibility of pathogens in a pile by excluding pet waste, diseased plants, and manure from diseased animals.) Many decomposers are killed or become inactive when pile temperatures rise above 140º F. If the pile temperature exceeds 160º F, you may want to take action and cool the pile by turning it. A number of research projects have shown that soil amended with compost can help fight fungal infestations. If the compost pile temperature goes above 160º F, the composting material may become sterile and lose its disease fighting properties.
这三种菌按照名字分别适宜不同的温度，嗜冷菌12-21度，嗜温菌21-37度，嗜热菌37-70度，一般肥堆保持最高温度只有几天，这可以杀死大部分病虫害。但是如果不是为了这个目的就没必要保持这么高温度，因为这会破坏最终的腐殖土的抗真菌能力。
While the various types of bacteria are at work, other microorganisms are also contributing to the degradation process. Actinomycetes, a higher-form bacteria similar to fungi and molds, are responsible for the pleasant earthy smell of compost. Grayish in appearance, actinomycetes work in the moderate heat zones of a compost pile. They decompose some of the more resistant materials in the pile such as lignin, cellulose, starches, and proteins. As they reduce materials, they liberate carbon, nitrogen, and ammonia, making nutrients available for higher plants. Actinomycetes occur in large clusters and become most evident during the later stages of decomposition.
放线菌看上去灰不处溜的很像霉菌和真菌，可以产生清新的新鲜土壤气味。他们喜欢中等温度的湿润环境，他们负责分解强悍的材料比如木质素纤维素什么的。放线菌提供各种营养，这些营养尤其适合比较高的植物，放线菌的存在一般用来预示到了腐烂的末期。
Like bacteria and actinomycetes, fungi are also responsible for organic matter decay in a compost pile. Fungi are primitive plants that can be either single celled or many celled and filamentous. They lack a photosynthetic pigment. Their main contribution to a compost pile is to break down cellulose and lignin, after faster acting bacteria make inroads on them. They prefer cooler temperatures (70 to 75º F) and easily digested food sources. As a result, they also tend to take over during the final stage of composting.
真菌也吃木质素和纤维素，喜欢较冷的温度，所以也是堆肥末段才起作用。

对了，忘了提一句，不过大家可能也都能想得到的事情：所有材料最好能粉碎（农村一般有这条件），这样速度比较快。全弄成粉末一个月就能全腐化，囫囵的估计至少要3个月以上。