样本不具备代表性
Another problem is the representativenessof the sample. Were they representative of all the...? Were the chosen for thesurvey random? From the argument we find little sign of such procedures forrandom sampling, thus casting doubt on whether the sample are representative ofthe overall...If the subjects are only limited to a certain city or geographic region, theresults of the survey will be unconvincing.
样本量过小
The problem arises when the arguer relieshis/her conclusion on the survey that.... This survey, however, suffers fromthe sample being too small to illustrate the...Offered in support of theargument, the only evidence is that...Unless it can be shown that the sample istypical and big enough to represent a general group, the conclusion that...isgroundless to claim that...
样本量小且不具备代表性
Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient numberof ...and did so randomly a cross the entire...spectrum, the survey results arenot reliable to gauge...generally. The number of samples, in itself, does notensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only..., thenthe results would no doubt suggest....Or, if..., (30)would account for only alittle percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.
调查结果与作者结论缺乏关联性
The survey the arguer employed cast littlesupport on his claim that.... It is obvious that the result of the survey isabout...; the arguer's claim, however, refers to.... These are totally two different things in that....
数据是否含糊
The speaker tells us that "so many/anumber of/the average of".... However, this term is too vague to bestatistically meaningful. Because the speaker fails to indicate the totalnumber of the ... and the percentage of ....It is possible that these called "somany" just take a little proportionof overall..., so fails to lend the support to speaker's claim. Without theexact information mentioned above, we can hardly believe..
回应者错误
The respondents must be statisticallysignificant in number and representative of the overall...However, the poll, bygiving "85% of respondents", provides little such concreteinformation. Consider if one thousand people are surveyed but only 100responded, then the results are worthless as evidence for... So, to make theclaim that...more grounded, ...should be provided.
调查时间过于久远
A threshold problem is that the arguerneglects the time the survey was actually conducted. It is well-known that whensamples are used to make general claims about a particular group, they should beclose enough in time to the generalization, in order to sustain variousvariables in a controlled condition to generalize. However, in this argumentthe time the survey conducted was ...(10 years ago). The less recent the surveyitself, the less reliable the results to indicate current ....
调查者是利益相关者
The argument provides no evidence that thereports from the ... are reliable. The ... all have vested interests in the..., and therefore might have fabricated the reports . The author must first ensure that surveyor iscross-bencher/ nonaligned, thus convince us that the reports are not biased.Not until then could I begin to consider ....
将相关性当做因果关系
The arguer establishes a causalrelationship between the fact that...and the matter that....This argument,nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of...Actually, it is equally possible that...or it is possible that...Without rulingout such alternative explanations the author can not convince usthat...necessarily results in...
将先后、同时发生的事情归结为因果关系
The author's solution rests on theassumption that A is the cause of B. However, the evidence in this argument just offer thesequence/concurrence of two events ,thus fails to support that B is the resultof A. Specifically,....Thus without providing more evidence to prove the causalrelationship between A and B, the conclusion that...is unwarranted.
把因果关系混淆（果说成因，因说成果）
It is possible that the author has confusedcause with effect respecting the.... Perhaps A was a response to B. Since authorfails to account for this possibility, the claim that...is completelyunwarranted.
因果关系简单化
The causal relationship between the factthat...and the matter/claim that...is oversimplified. Even though the fact that...can, to some extent, rendersome credibility to the claim that..., it is too hasty to generalize the claimattribute to the fact. Actually, it isequally possible that...or it is possible that...Without ruling out suchalternative explanations the author can not convince us that...necessarilyresults in...
由个体推整体
The argument depends on the assumption thatthe evidence pertaining to particular group can typify the general group.However, the specific environment may differ from place to place, thus lessenthe soundness of author's claim. Without better evidence that 小范围 is typical of 大范围，it is possible that... orthat... If so, these facts will certainly serve to undermine the author'sargument to a large extent.
整体推个体
The author unfairly presupposes that大范围中这样 suffices to infer小范围也这样, for there are all kinds ofcrucial differences between 大范围 and 小范围. It isjust as likely that... Consequently, unless it can be shown that ... is typicalof a general group, the author cannot justify this recommendation that... andmoreover, implementing the author's suggestion might amount to poor advice.
偷换概念
Another problem involves the definition ofA . There are many explanations to this critical term, however the arguer failsto define it clearly. If A is defined asB , the conclusion can to some extent make sense. Nonetheless, if A is definedas C, this argument will suffer from logical flaws. Clearly, ....In short,without a clear definition of A , it isimpossible to assess the strength of the argument.
过去的情况在今天和将来都保持不变; 目前的情况在将来保持不变
The author claim that 将来, because 过去/现在. This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain thesame over extended period of time. There are likely all kinds of differencebetween 过去 and 将来. For example, 将来; however, 过去. Any of these scenarios, if true,would serve to undermine(颠覆) the claim that ____.
错误类比
The author commits a fallacy of falseanalogy by simply equating A with B. Without better evidence, the statedsimilarities between A and B are insufficient to warrant the conclusion that Awill suffer the same fate (achieve the same result) as B's. It is possiblethat... and that... If true, these differences may seriously weaken theconclusion based on the similarity (analogy) between A and B.
不完整比较或选择性比较
The author partially assume that A canadequately represent B. However, from the argument we are just notified that Ais just a part of B, so, can reasonably suspect that A is unable to account forB. It is possible that B is actually...; however, A, as a special part of B,involves the aspects of..., which is totally different from B. So, without theinformation of A can representing B, the argument can not be logical.
充分条件问题
The author bases his claim partly on theassumption that B is all that required for A. Yet the author presented noevidence that supports his assumption. Although B is an important factor for A,it is hardly the only element required. possibly, C and D combining with Acould result in B jointly. Or, other factors like E and F can result in Bequally.
必要条件问题
The author unfairly assumes that B wasdetermined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determiningB, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required element. This assumptionoverlooks other crucial criteria in determining B---such as C, D. Without accountingfor these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily that...is thebest way to achieve goals.
非此即彼错误
The author's recommendation rests on theunlikely assumption that the company has only two alternatives, A and B. In alllikelihood C or D can engage in one of many other instead, because...Maybe, tosome extent,the advantage of C or D can outstrip not just B but A . Thus, untilthe author ruling out other inferior alternatives, recommendation isunwarranted.
考虑问题不全面
The author relies on the dubious assumptionthat..can...without any sacrifice. Nevertheless, some disadvantages, suchas..., may follow the seeming positive action/recommendation. At last, it mayturn out that the disadvantages faroutweigh the advantages. So, to make the claim more convincing, the author need to assess thepositive and negative situation more comprehensively.
Profit问题
The author's conclusion that...isunwarranted. Profit is a factor of not only revenue, but also costs. It isentirely possible that the costs of..., or other costs associated with....,will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possibleoccurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent....frombeing as profitable in the foreseeable future as the argument predicts.
Another problem is the representativenessof the sample. Were they representative of all the...? Were the chosen for thesurvey random? From the argument we find little sign of such procedures forrandom sampling, thus casting doubt on whether the sample are representative ofthe overall...If the subjects are only limited to a certain city or geographic region, theresults of the survey will be unconvincing.
样本量过小
The problem arises when the arguer relieshis/her conclusion on the survey that.... This survey, however, suffers fromthe sample being too small to illustrate the...Offered in support of theargument, the only evidence is that...Unless it can be shown that the sample istypical and big enough to represent a general group, the conclusion that...isgroundless to claim that...
样本量小且不具备代表性
Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient numberof ...and did so randomly a cross the entire...spectrum, the survey results arenot reliable to gauge...generally. The number of samples, in itself, does notensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only..., thenthe results would no doubt suggest....Or, if..., (30)would account for only alittle percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.
调查结果与作者结论缺乏关联性
The survey the arguer employed cast littlesupport on his claim that.... It is obvious that the result of the survey isabout...; the arguer's claim, however, refers to.... These are totally two different things in that....
数据是否含糊
The speaker tells us that "so many/anumber of/the average of".... However, this term is too vague to bestatistically meaningful. Because the speaker fails to indicate the totalnumber of the ... and the percentage of ....It is possible that these called "somany" just take a little proportionof overall..., so fails to lend the support to speaker's claim. Without theexact information mentioned above, we can hardly believe..
回应者错误
The respondents must be statisticallysignificant in number and representative of the overall...However, the poll, bygiving "85% of respondents", provides little such concreteinformation. Consider if one thousand people are surveyed but only 100responded, then the results are worthless as evidence for... So, to make theclaim that...more grounded, ...should be provided.
调查时间过于久远
A threshold problem is that the arguerneglects the time the survey was actually conducted. It is well-known that whensamples are used to make general claims about a particular group, they should beclose enough in time to the generalization, in order to sustain variousvariables in a controlled condition to generalize. However, in this argumentthe time the survey conducted was ...(10 years ago). The less recent the surveyitself, the less reliable the results to indicate current ....
调查者是利益相关者
The argument provides no evidence that thereports from the ... are reliable. The ... all have vested interests in the..., and therefore might have fabricated the reports . The author must first ensure that surveyor iscross-bencher/ nonaligned, thus convince us that the reports are not biased.Not until then could I begin to consider ....
将相关性当做因果关系
The arguer establishes a causalrelationship between the fact that...and the matter that....This argument,nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of...Actually, it is equally possible that...or it is possible that...Without rulingout such alternative explanations the author can not convince usthat...necessarily results in...
将先后、同时发生的事情归结为因果关系
The author's solution rests on theassumption that A is the cause of B. However, the evidence in this argument just offer thesequence/concurrence of two events ,thus fails to support that B is the resultof A. Specifically,....Thus without providing more evidence to prove the causalrelationship between A and B, the conclusion that...is unwarranted.
把因果关系混淆（果说成因，因说成果）
It is possible that the author has confusedcause with effect respecting the.... Perhaps A was a response to B. Since authorfails to account for this possibility, the claim that...is completelyunwarranted.
因果关系简单化
The causal relationship between the factthat...and the matter/claim that...is oversimplified. Even though the fact that...can, to some extent, rendersome credibility to the claim that..., it is too hasty to generalize the claimattribute to the fact. Actually, it isequally possible that...or it is possible that...Without ruling out suchalternative explanations the author can not convince us that...necessarilyresults in...
由个体推整体
The argument depends on the assumption thatthe evidence pertaining to particular group can typify the general group.However, the specific environment may differ from place to place, thus lessenthe soundness of author's claim. Without better evidence that 小范围 is typical of 大范围，it is possible that... orthat... If so, these facts will certainly serve to undermine the author'sargument to a large extent.
整体推个体
The author unfairly presupposes that大范围中这样 suffices to infer小范围也这样, for there are all kinds ofcrucial differences between 大范围 and 小范围. It isjust as likely that... Consequently, unless it can be shown that ... is typicalof a general group, the author cannot justify this recommendation that... andmoreover, implementing the author's suggestion might amount to poor advice.
偷换概念
Another problem involves the definition ofA . There are many explanations to this critical term, however the arguer failsto define it clearly. If A is defined asB , the conclusion can to some extent make sense. Nonetheless, if A is definedas C, this argument will suffer from logical flaws. Clearly, ....In short,without a clear definition of A , it isimpossible to assess the strength of the argument.
过去的情况在今天和将来都保持不变; 目前的情况在将来保持不变
The author claim that 将来, because 过去/现在. This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain thesame over extended period of time. There are likely all kinds of differencebetween 过去 and 将来. For example, 将来; however, 过去. Any of these scenarios, if true,would serve to undermine(颠覆) the claim that ____.
错误类比
The author commits a fallacy of falseanalogy by simply equating A with B. Without better evidence, the statedsimilarities between A and B are insufficient to warrant the conclusion that Awill suffer the same fate (achieve the same result) as B's. It is possiblethat... and that... If true, these differences may seriously weaken theconclusion based on the similarity (analogy) between A and B.
不完整比较或选择性比较
The author partially assume that A canadequately represent B. However, from the argument we are just notified that Ais just a part of B, so, can reasonably suspect that A is unable to account forB. It is possible that B is actually...; however, A, as a special part of B,involves the aspects of..., which is totally different from B. So, without theinformation of A can representing B, the argument can not be logical.
充分条件问题
The author bases his claim partly on theassumption that B is all that required for A. Yet the author presented noevidence that supports his assumption. Although B is an important factor for A,it is hardly the only element required. possibly, C and D combining with Acould result in B jointly. Or, other factors like E and F can result in Bequally.
必要条件问题
The author unfairly assumes that B wasdetermined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determiningB, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required element. This assumptionoverlooks other crucial criteria in determining B---such as C, D. Without accountingfor these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily that...is thebest way to achieve goals.
非此即彼错误
The author's recommendation rests on theunlikely assumption that the company has only two alternatives, A and B. In alllikelihood C or D can engage in one of many other instead, because...Maybe, tosome extent,the advantage of C or D can outstrip not just B but A . Thus, untilthe author ruling out other inferior alternatives, recommendation isunwarranted.
考虑问题不全面
The author relies on the dubious assumptionthat..can...without any sacrifice. Nevertheless, some disadvantages, suchas..., may follow the seeming positive action/recommendation. At last, it mayturn out that the disadvantages faroutweigh the advantages. So, to make the claim more convincing, the author need to assess thepositive and negative situation more comprehensively.
Profit问题
The author's conclusion that...isunwarranted. Profit is a factor of not only revenue, but also costs. It isentirely possible that the costs of..., or other costs associated with....,will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possibleoccurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent....frombeing as profitable in the foreseeable future as the argument predicts.
