In adoptive cell therapy(ACT), autologous tumor-specific T-cells isolated from cancer patients are activated and expanded ex vivo, then infused back into the individual to eliminate metastatic tumors. A major limitation of this promising approach is the rapid loss of ACT T-cell effector function in vivo due to the highly immunosuppressive environment in tumors. Protection of T-cells from immunosuppressive signals can be achieved by systemic administration of supporting adjuvant drugs such as interleukins, chemotherapy, and other innunonodulators, but these adjuvant treatments are ofen accompanied by serious toxicities and may still fail to optimally stimulate lymphocytes in all tumor and lymphoid compartments.