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Captain James Cook FRS RN (27 October 1728 (O.S.) – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer. Ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy, Cook made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, achieving the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia, the European discovery of the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation and mapping of Newfoundland and New Zealand.
After service in the British merchant navy as a teenager, he joined the Royal Navy in 1755, seeing action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveying and mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This allowed General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham, and helped to bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his personal career and in the direction of British overseas discovery, and led to his commission as commander of (醒目) HM Bark Endeavour (醒目) and the first of his three Pacific voyages in 1766.
Cook accurately charted many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. His achievements can be attributed to a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (for example dipping into the Antarctic circle repeatedly and exploring around the Great Barrier Reef), ability to lead men in adverse conditions, and boldness both with regard to the extent of his explorations and his willingness to exceed the instructions given to him by the Admiralty.
Cook died in Hawaii in a fracas with Hawaiians during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779.
After service in the British merchant navy as a teenager, he joined the Royal Navy in 1755, seeing action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveying and mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This allowed General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham, and helped to bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his personal career and in the direction of British overseas discovery, and led to his commission as commander of (醒目) HM Bark Endeavour (醒目) and the first of his three Pacific voyages in 1766.
Cook accurately charted many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. His achievements can be attributed to a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (for example dipping into the Antarctic circle repeatedly and exploring around the Great Barrier Reef), ability to lead men in adverse conditions, and boldness both with regard to the extent of his explorations and his willingness to exceed the instructions given to him by the Admiralty.
Cook died in Hawaii in a fracas with Hawaiians during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779.
努力号是一艘排水量为368吨，可乘载94人的三桅帆船。詹姆斯·库克船长在他的第一次航行时，便是指挥这艘船，在该次航行中，努力号于1768年8月由普利茅斯出发，经过合恩角到达大溪地并观察1769年的金星凌日，然后向南行到达博拉博拉岛等地，于1769年10月到达新西兰，1770年沿着澳洲的海岸线航行，绕过大堡礁，于同年10月去到荷属东印度，即现时的印尼，于12月26日回程，1771年3月12日绕过好望角，7月12日回到英国的多佛尔，正式结束库克船长的第一次航行。随后的四年，努力号一直停泊在英国皇家海军的福克兰群岛，直至1775年出售予一间私人公司。于美国**期间，努力号被召回再军事运输用途。最终在1778年，于罗德岛州附近沉没。由于努力号是第一艘到达澳洲东岸的船只，对澳洲别具意义，因此在1994年有一艘努力号的仿制品存放在悉尼港的一间博物馆内。
个人认为还是翻成"奋进号"吧.....
个人认为还是翻成"奋进号"吧.....
